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Dissertations |
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1
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PAULO ANTONIO DE SOUZA JUNIOR
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FRENAGEM DINÂMICA E REGENERATIVA DA MÁQUINA DE CORRENTE CONTINUA
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Advisor : VLADIMIR RAFAEL MELIAN COBAS
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COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
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VLADIMIR RAFAEL MELIAN COBAS
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HELCIO FRANCISCO VILLA NOVA
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ANGELO JOSE JUNQUEIRA REZEK
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DELVIO FRANCO BERNARDES
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Data: Feb 26, 2019
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Show Abstract
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Neste trabalho, é efetuada a modelagem das frenagens dinâmica e regenerativa da máquina de corrente contínua, excitação independente com o auxílio da resolução da equação diferencial linear resultante da modelagem destes processos frenantes. É utilizada a segunda Lei de Newton que relaciona o torque frenante para obtenção da velocidade decrescente resultante deste processo dinâmico de frenagem. Na frenagem dinâmica da máquina de corrente contínua utilizada neste trabalho, a energia cinética é dissipada no banco de resistências, ao passo que na frenagem regenerativa, parte desta energia cinética é devolvida para rede. Nos casos das frenagens regenerativa e dinâmica, o equacionamento do processo frenante será efetuado para a determinação do tempo de parada do motor, em função da corrente limite, previamente ajustada, no caso da frenagem regenerativa e da resistência inserida no circuito da armadura, para o caso da frenagem dinâmica. Assim, o tempo de frenagem será obtido analiticamente, para comparação deste tempo com aquele obtido experimentalmente. Desta maneira, as modelagens efetuadas poderão ser avaliadas e comprovadas.
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2
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LAYS CAMILA DE SOUSA
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UMA AVALIAÇÃO HOLÍSTICA DE ASPECTOS TECNOLÓGICOS E AMBIENTAIS DA PRODUÇÃO DE BIODIESEL DE DIFERENTES MATÉRIAS-PRIMAS NO BRASIL
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Advisor : ELECTO EDUARDO SILVA LORA
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COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
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DIEGO MAURICIO YEPES MAYA
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EDGAR FERNANDO CASTILLO MONROY
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ELECTO EDUARDO SILVA LORA
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MARIA LUIZA GRILLO RENO
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SILVIO DE OLIVEIRA JUNIOR
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Data: May 15, 2019
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Show Abstract
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Considering the importance of biodiesel production in Brazil, especially with the increase of the obligatory biodiesel blending to diesel, this work aims at comparing the production of biodiesel from two raw materials available in the country, through the three production routes different. The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was the methodology used for this study covering the stages of obtaining the raw material until the production of biodiesel, an approach called "Cradle to Gate". Six scenarios were determined from soybean and palm raw materials using three technological routes: homogeneous transesterification, heterogeneous transesterification and enzymatic transesterification. A functional unit of 1 MJ was established using the software SimaPro 7.0 ® and the method of evaluation of the environmental impacts adopted was IMPACT 2002+. An indicator was calculated to characterize the biodiesel renewal, in addition, the Cumulative Energy Demand method was used to calculate the energy efficiency of the biodiesel life cycle (LCEE). All scenarios are energy efficient and have positive values indicating biofuel renewal. The scenario of the heterogeneous transesterification of palm oil has the best performance for both indicators. Among the raw materials, the results indicated soybean with greater environmental impacts. For soybean biodiesel the stages with the greatest contribution are the cultivation stage due to the higher emissions due to the consumption of fertilizers and fossil fuels and the stage of extraction of the oil by the use of chemical solvent. For the palm the stages of cultivation and transesterification are highlighted, mainly by the production and use of steam. Homogeneous transesterification had the greatest impact in 9 of the 15 categories of environmental impacts evaluated, as well as in 3 of the 4 categories of environmental damages. The production of biodiesel via heterogeneous transesterification from palm oil presented the best performance.
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3
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HENRIQUE BORTONE NEVES
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Projeto de um gaseificador de bancada de leito fluidizado borbulhante para biomassa
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Advisor : ELECTO EDUARDO SILVA LORA
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COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
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ELECTO EDUARDO SILVA LORA
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JOSE CARLOS ESCOBAR PALACIO
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RUBENILDO VIEIRA ANDRADE
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DIEGO MAURICIO YEPES MAYA
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FELIPE ORLANDO CENTENO GONZÁLEZ
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Data: May 29, 2019
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Show Abstract
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This study presents a methodology for the design of a bubbling fluidized bed gasifier and its application in the design of an equipment built and installed at the Federal University of Itajubá, using as biomass the bagasse of sugarcane and directed to the production of biofuel via the Fisher-Tropsch process. The methodology is divided into two parts: the Thermodynamic Analysis and the Hydrodynamic Analysis. For Thermodynamic Analysis, the Thermodynamic Equilibrium Model that is responsible for the predictability of the gasification process was used. In the Hydrodynamic Analysis, the fluidization conditions are analyzed. By combining these analyses, it is possible to obtain the proper geometry of the reactor. The first geometric parameter to be obtained is the diameter of the bed. In order to determine the height of the reactor, this element is divided into two regions for analysis: the bed region and the freeboard region. In the described application, the following was foreseen for the operation: mass flow rate of sugarcane bagasse of 10 kg/h (dry basis), ER of 0.3 and S/B of 0.6. With this, a gasifier of 0.32 m in diameter and 0,36 m in height with respect to the bed region was obtained; for the freeboard region, a conical region was introduced that resulted in 0.27 m height and an opening angle of 5 °, and for the cylindrical region 0.36 m in diameter and 1,54 m in height - which resulted in a total height of 2.17 m.
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4
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DANIELLE RODRIGUES RAIMUNDO
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Análise ambiental de projeto de armazenamento de energia via Usina Hidrelétrica Reversível
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Advisor : GERALDO LUCIO TIAGO FILHO
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COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
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CELIO BERMANN
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GERALDO LUCIO TIAGO FILHO
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MARIA CLAUDIA COSTA DE OLIVEIRA BOTAN
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REGINA MAMBELI BARROS
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Data: May 31, 2019
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Show Abstract
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The growth of renewable sources of energy, considered as intermittent sources, has raised the issue of energy storage as a way to guarantee the reliability of the energy system and to meet the growing demand of the various countries around the world. Among the forms of energy storage, Pumped Hydropower Energy Storage (PHES) have been gaining prominence due to their technological maturity and great capacity to meet demand at peak times. The objective of this work is to prepare a checklist of the environmental impacts of PHES and to develop a quantitative methodology to evaluate these impacts. For this, a bibliographic review was done in the national and international literature, listing all the environmental impacts resulting from the PHES, in the physical, biotic, anthropic and legislative environments. At first, with this impacts’ list, a questionnaire was developed, applied to postgraduate students in Energy Engineering at UNIFEI, where weights were assigned for each impact. Secondly, the same students evaluated the same impacts, assigning grades from 0 to 1, but within the context of the Curuá-Una case study. At the end, the notes were compiled with their respective weights and the average grade for the PHES proposed by the case study was obtained. The results showed that the biotic environment would be the most affected, and that there is a need for deeper analysis of the positive and negative impacts of the enterprise, in order to justify its implementation.
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5
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THAIS ABRAHIM CHAVES
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AVALIAÇÃO DO IMPACTO NAS PERDAS ELÉTRICAS DO SISTEMA INTERLIGADO NACIONAL DADA A PRESENÇA DE USINAS HIDRELÉTRICAS DE PEQUENO PORTE NOS SISTEMAS DE DISTRIBUIÇÃO
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Advisor : JAMIL HADDAD
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COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
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JAMIL HADDAD
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JOSE WANDERLEY MARANGON LIMA
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MAURICIO CAMPOS PASSARO
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SERGIO VALDIR BAJAY
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Data: Jul 5, 2019
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Show Abstract
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In the present study the impact on the electrical losses of the National Interconnected System is analyzed given the generation of Small Hydropower Plants and Hydroelectric Generating Plants connected directly to distribution systems. For the analysis, a sample of ninety-one small hydroelectric plants, located in SIN areas belonging to the Southeast / Center-West subsystem, was considered. Based on the expected generation of the national interconnected system for the year 2019, established in the Plan of Expansions and Reinforcements cycle 2018-2020 / 21, two generation scenarios were established for small hydroelectric power stations. The scenarios consist basically of: 1) the SIN does not have the generation of electric power from these plants and; 2) generation plants are operating at a certain level of their respective installed power, defined as from generation provided for in the RAP. The scenarios were established for the light and heavy load levels of the dry and wet periods of 2019. The losses were measured for both generation scenarios, of each load condition of the year's hydraulicity scenarios, based on simulations under study power flow. The losses were obtained in each scenario and, based on the comparison of the results, the impact was found on the electrical losses of the national interconnected system and the areas where the hydroelectric generation projects are located. For the SIN, the generation of SHPs and CGHs contributed to the reduction of losses, however, for the areas, depending on the hydraulicity scenario and the load level, there was a contribution to the reduction and to the increase.
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6
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PAULO ALBERTO VIANA VIEIRA
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ENERGY STORAGE SIZING IN PV GENERATION SYSTEMS USING THE CONTI-VARLET METHOD AND DISUTILITY OPTIMIZATION
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Advisor : EDSON DA COSTA BORTONI
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COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
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ARTURO SUMAN BRETAS
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EDSON DA COSTA BORTONI
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MARCOS VINICIUS XAVIER DIAS
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ROBERTO AKIRA YAMACHITA
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SERGIO VALDIR BAJAY
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Data: Jul 10, 2019
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Show Abstract
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Nowadays, the transition from conventional fossil fuel based on centralized energy generation to distributed renewables is increasing rapidly due to environmental concerns and political incentives. Wind and solar power generation offer carbon dioxide neutral electricity but also present some integration difficulties for energy system operators and planners due to intermittent power output. A promising way of dealing with the intermittency from renewables is energy storage. Many types of energy storage have been under development and study. Therefore, a battery energy storage system has been implemented mainly in residential applications to utility power grids. Battery energy storage can allow higher amounts of renewable electricity generation to be integrated by smoothing power output and time shifting generated energy to follow demand and increase hosting capacities through peak shaving. Power quality related issues due to intermittency can be mitigated by controlling the storage’s charging patterns to respond to grid variables. For optimal utilization and maximum storage value, several applications should be within the operational repertoire of the storage unit. Other applications, including arbitrage, grid investment deferral, and load following, are additionally discussed. This thesis proposes a study and analysis of the Conti-Varlet approach or stretched-thread method (STM), a powerful graphical-based technique used to partial flow regularization for hydropower plants to provide auxiliary service regularization considering a battery energy storage system (BESS). The proposal is to keep the power more stable and constant as possible, mitigating the PV intermittence. A one-year analysis is performed for each BESS size, ranging from 10% to 90%. A cost for each scenario and an optimal BESS is presented to reduce the disutility. The changing of the consumption costs is defined as disutility.
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7
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ADILSON FRANCISCO DOS SANTOS
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SUSTENTABILIDADE ENERGÉTICA NAS ESCOLAS: ESTUDO DE CASO EM ITAJUBÁ - MG
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Advisor : ROBERTO AKIRA YAMACHITA
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COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
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MARCOS VINICIUS XAVIER DIAS
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ROBERTO AKIRA YAMACHITA
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RODOLFO ESMARADY ROCHA DOS SANTOS
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Data: Jul 12, 2019
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Show Abstract
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In the last 50 years the theme of sustainability became an integral part and center of attention of the international community, in response and as an alert to man for his consumeristic and predatory attitude, which to meet his demands and Vanities end up neglecking the laws of nature, forgetting that natural resources do not possess the ability to recompose at the same speed as that of consumption. In this way uses energy and water without rationality, in accelerated consumerism and in the neglect of its disposal, is creating for themselves and future generations a passive of various wastes, whose destination already faces serious problems both of the existence of areas Appropriate and available until they are safe to avoid contamination by incorrect disposal of substances. This dissertation aims to present how the rational and efficient use of water and energy and the correct disposal of solid waste can be used as a tool for the implementation of environmental sustainability in the state schools of Minas Gerais, especially in the "State school Major João Pereira", located in the municipality of Itajubá. The research was carried out in 21 schools of the Itajubá region contemed in the program "Sustainable schools" of the SEE-MG, where the consumption of energy and water and the amount of solid waste generated and based on these data were possible Present proposals for better use of water and the possibility of using rainwater for non-potable purposes, in the use of energy the possibility of efficiency with the introduction of more efficient technologies and with regard to waste generated the feasibility of separation and recycling. And the results obtained indicate that it is possible to implement actions that contribute to energy sustainability in the school environment, since the return times of the proposals presented indicate the feasibility of their implementation and that their Applicability can be extended to the set of the 21 schools. Keywords:
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8
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DANIEL CARLOS RIBEIRO TRAUTWEIN
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DESENVOLVIMENTO DE SISTEMA ÓPTICO COM PROCESSAMENTO DE DADOS PARA MONITORAMENTO DE DEFORMAÇÕES DE BARRAGENS
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Advisor : GERALDO LUCIO TIAGO FILHO
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COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
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ADINELE GOMES GUIMARAES
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CATIA DE PAULA MARTINS
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GERALDO LUCIO TIAGO FILHO
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PAULO CESAR GONCALVES
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Data: Jul 12, 2019
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Show Abstract
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In this work was developed a didactic and technical equipment for experimental study in a reduced model to better understand the phenomena involved in the rupture of earth dams. The structures were represented within a glass channel allowing visualization of the dam section, filling of the reservoir and collection of deformation data before collapse of the structure. From the laboratory tests to characterization of the soil used and the construction of the models, it was verified that the experiment was an excellent analysis tool, since it was possible to demonstrate the relation between time and the tendencies of the deformations and displacements that precede a rupture and yet indicate the most critical areas at each moment, favoring the suggestion of places where there should be greater attention regarding inspections and installation of monitoring instrumentation. From the definition of these critical points, a system was developed that, integrating hardware and software, is capable of identifying and informing those responsible, in real time, of any undesired behavioral variation. The system operates using sensors that perform distance analysis of the monitored structure and, through an auxiliary processor, constantly transmits the collected data - connected to the network and stored in the "cloud" - to a main processor. This processor receives the data and compares it with previous data, making interpretations and conclusions regarding the stability of the dam and issues alerts and reports in the form of spreadsheets and graphs that show in detail the monitoring carried out in the periods selected by the user.
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9
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JULIANO ROMANZINI PEDREIRA
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ALTERAÇÕES NAS PROPRIEDADES FÍSICAS E MECÂNICAS DO CIMENTO COM A SUBSTITUIÇÃO PARCIAL DAS FRAÇÕES DE AREIA POR BIOCHAR PROVENIENTE DA GASEIFICAÇÃO DE RESÍDUOS SÓLIDOS URBANOS
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Advisor : REGINA MAMBELI BARROS
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COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
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IVAN FELIPE SILVA DOS SANTOS
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KATIA SAKIHAMA VENTURA
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REGINA MAMBELI BARROS
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RUBENILDO VIEIRA ANDRADE
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Data: Jul 12, 2019
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Show Abstract
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A modern society lives once consumption is increasingly accelerated. As a result, the production of waste, especially those generated in cities, grew and exceeded one billion tons generated worldwide in 2016. In this context, it is urgent to implement solutions to reuse, recycle or reuse this waste. The various proposals, a weighted and efficient analysis of a researcher, is an efficient solution for the disposal of gaseous effluents and other municipal solid waste. This object, the present study has a rights for an organism of the properties are essential and methods of the cement with the separation of the sandy gem of natural species, by the object of verify. influence of this new aggregate on cement strength. The biochar was collected in the city of Itajubá, Minas Gerais, Brazil, at UNIFEI headquarters. The results show that by adding the biochar, it impaired the practicality of fresh mortar. In the compression tests, it is a great reduction in its mechanical resistance, which makes its use for the fins unfeasible. In chemical tests, it was found that biochar showed its ability to react chemically and bioaccumulative, which the human body is not able to cause lack of environmental impact. Mortar use is not rated at 5% of the total fine aggregate of the mixture.
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10
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DOUGLAS PIAZZA MENEGHEL
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ANALYSIS OF HIGH DC/AC RATIOS FOR PV PLANTS WITH BESS INTEGRATION ON THE DC SIDE
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Advisor : EDSON DA COSTA BORTONI
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COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
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ARTURO SUMAN BRETAS
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EDSON DA COSTA BORTONI
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MARCOS VINICIUS XAVIER DIAS
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ROBERTO AKIRA YAMACHITA
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Data: Jul 30, 2019
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Show Abstract
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The integration of Photovoltaic and Battery Energy System (PV-BESS) has absorbed a lot of attentions in recent years within the renewable energy communities. The solar industry has shown significant interests in combining storage with solar installations as grid integration benefits have increased and at the same time the cost of storage system has decreased. Driven by best returns, variability of resources, solar module degradation and the best usage of inverters and medium voltage systems and step-up substation, the power conversion units, set of inverters and low voltage to medium voltage transformers, are usually rated for AC power values lower than those installed on their DC side for utility scale solar plants. This dissertation demonstrates that by boosting the DC/AC ratio of the PV plant, it would be feasible to improve the controllability of the solar generation and the project economics with integration of proper BESS size in the system. Data analysis on DC/AC ratio for PV plant with DC-Side BESS integration will be provided to demonstrate the typical price break down with the cost-benefit analyses based on financial evaluation metrics, for the economic assessment of PV plants subject to strong variation when applied to BESS assessment. Another advantage of the proposed system is to increase the amount of energy available in the hybrid plant, only by boosting its DC/AC ratio, keeping the whole AC system (i.e. cables, main power transformers, transmission lines) essentially the same. That solely might present a good advantage over the typical BESS applications which essentially only arbitrates AC energy already available in the system. In addition, the economic benefits that can be realized from a BESS depend on the application, the size of the PV system, the sophistication of the system’s control equipment, the customer’s rate structure and the operating costs. This work covers the literature review necessary to stablish the basis of the reasoning for further development of a methodology to determine the energy flow between the solar modules and the battery system, as well as the analysis of the financial indicator that serve to gauge the feasibility of an investment.
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11
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RÉGIS ALEXANDRE NASCIMENTO PRUDENCIO
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Análise dos Empreendimentos de Transmissão de Energia Elétrica Leiloados de 2013 a 2018 no Território Brasileiro
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Advisor : ROBERTO AKIRA YAMACHITA
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COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
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JAMIL HADDAD
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MARCOS VINICIUS XAVIER DIAS
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ROBERTO AKIRA YAMACHITA
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RONALDO ROSSI
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Data: Jul 31, 2019
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Show Abstract
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Electric energy is a very important revenue because its benefits are immeasurable to all people. The Brazilian electric power system is divided into three main groups: generation, transmission and distribution. All these parts are connected, creating the National Integrated System (SIN), in which each component plays a role of paramount importance to the whole society. A large percentage of energy generation in the national territory is provided by hydroelectric plants - installed far from the consumers. In order to this energy produced reaches the final consumers, the use of transmission lines becomes a vital factor in the system planning. In this context, the national transmission system plays a fundamental role, due the interchangeability between generation and consumption, also increasing the reliability to the system. Nowadays, for the construction of new transmission lines, the National Electric Energy Agency (ANEEL) uses an auction system. A concession that is made through auctions called transmission auctions, in which the winner is the organization that offers the lowest Allowed Annual Revenue (RAP) for each lot of transmission lines. The winner utility will have the concession for a period of 25 to 30 years to build, operate and maintain the new transmission lines together with the power substations. In this way, this work aims to analyze the transmission lots auctioned between 2013 and 2018, to verify if the organizations have completed the execution schedules and what have caused some delays the social impacts caused by them. In this way, about 204 projects were analyzed, which were auctioned in these years, observing the execution deadlines. It was verified that there is a relevant portion of projects with a delayed execution schedule, and many projects that should have been finalized have not yet been removed from the role, it was also found that the causes of these delays, such as lack of environmental licensing, lack of financial resources, among others, besides an estimate of loss through loss of revenue of the concessionaires in excess of one million and one hundred thousand reais.
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12
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CAROENY RAIANY ALMEIDA
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PROPOSTA DE MELHORIA NO DESEMPENHO ENERGÉTICO: ESTUDO DE CASO EM UMA INSTITUIÇÃO DE ENSINO BÁSICO E SUPERIOR EM ITAJUBÁ
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Advisor : ROBERTO AKIRA YAMACHITA
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COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
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MARCOS VINICIUS XAVIER DIAS
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ROBERTO AKIRA YAMACHITA
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RODOLFO ESMARADY ROCHA DOS SANTOS
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Data: Aug 1, 2019
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Show Abstract
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The high energy consumption in cases where there is a lack of power supply implies the need to invest in projects related to energetic efficiency. Once lighting highly influence the power demand of buildings and facilities, replacing traditional light bulbs with more efficient lighting technology allows a significant decrease in the energy demand. Institutions such as university campus, which demand a large amount of electric power to supply light bulbs, have become targets of improvements of energetic efficiency projects. In this context, this work aims to analyze the purpose of replacing the current lighting system of a university in Itajubá, Minas Gerais state, with more modern systems in order to make improvements in its energy usage. To accomplish the aims of the research, energy performance indicators, IDE, is employed and allows researchers to promote actions on energetic efficiency based on the energy management system, SGE, from NBR 500001. The assessment of the economic feasibility of the work is performed through the main financial tools found in the literature (NPV, IRR, and Playback).
The results obtained show that all of the units studied present not only feasibl e economic return but also technical improvements as savings in energy is achieved and roughly equal to 28.612,06 kWh/year. In order to measure, verify, and evaluate the energy performance of the university, it was considered IDEs calculated for the current lighting system such as LBE. Those IDEs are compared to those calculated for the proposed system. With the results obtained from the case study, it was possible to identify energy-inefficient areas and propose improvements of IDEs in all units studied. IDEs presented a significant decrease in the proposed lighting system in comparison with the current one. The user indicator (Iu) resulted in 26.32 kWh / year / User with the proposed lighting system, and the area indicator (Ia) 5.98 kWh / year / Area. These numbers show some improvements in the energy usage performance of the university as well as a lighting system more efficient.
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13
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MICHAEL CORREDOR MARSIGLIA
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“PROJETO CONCEITUAL DE UMA PLANTA INDUSTRIAL DE GERAÇÃO DE ELETRICIDADE A PARTIR DE CDR (1MWe)”
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Advisor : ELECTO EDUARDO SILVA LORA
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COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
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ELECTO EDUARDO SILVA LORA
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DIEGO MAURICIO YEPES MAYA
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JOSE CARLOS ESCOBAR PALACIO
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RUBENILDO VIEIRA ANDRADE
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FELIPE ORLANDO CENTENO GONZÁLEZ
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Data: Aug 1, 2019
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Show Abstract
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The objective of this work is to propose and pre-dimension an electrical generation plant from Residue Derived Fuel (RDF) for a capacity of 1 MWe, using as a starting point the data obtained from a pilot plant of RDF production with a nominal capacity of 500 kg/h and the results of experimental tests of gasification that were performed in the NEST laboratory of the Federal University of Itajubá using air as gasification agent. The experimental results were very useful to infer and determine the operational conditions of the plant that was projected. In order to determine the performance of the process, information from mathematical models developed in previous studies was used. A CFD model was used as a tool to design the reactors used in the 1MWe plant, analyzing the process in function of the Equivalence Ratio (RE) in the range of 0.25 to 0.45 and its relationship in the composition of the synthesis gas (CO, CH4 and H2) along with the lower calorific power of the gas (PCIg). Three possible economic scenarios were analyzed to determine the economic viability of the plant project, varying the selling price of electricity (0.18 to 0.31 $R/kWh), varying the contractual rates for the disposal of MSW according to the size of the municipality and varying the inflation in the range of 5% to 10%. It was concluded that this project is viable for small municipalities (less than 100,000 inhabitants) because it was where the highest NPV (R$ 19,248,536) with an IRR of 23.67% was presented due to the fact that the rate for its disposal is higher compared with other cases studied.
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14
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FRANCIELLE DA SILVA LEANDRO
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ANÁLISE DO CICLO DE VIDA DE QUATRO DIFERENTES TECNOLOGIAS DE APROVEITAMENTO DE ENERGIA SOLAR PARA PRODUÇÃO DE ENERGIA ELÉTRICA PARA POÇOS DE CALDAS-MG
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Advisor : VLADIMIR RAFAEL MELIAN COBAS
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COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
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IZABELLA CARNEIRO BASTOS
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LUCILENE DE OLIVEIRA RODRIGUES CHAVES
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MARIA LUIZA GRILLO RENO
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VLADIMIR RAFAEL MELIAN COBAS
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Data: Aug 7, 2019
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Show Abstract
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The south of Minas Gerais offers a great potential for electric power generation from solar source. Given that renewable technologies also generate impacts throughout their useful life, it is crucial to analyze and compare the different energy generation technologies to determine which one has a better environmental profile throughout its life cycle. Considering these aspects, the present thesis proposes to evaluate and compare the environmental impacts and economic viability of four generation plants of renewable electricity, located in the city of Poços de Caldas, MG, using solar energy as energy source and employing the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology. The technologies analyzed in this study are: plant of photovoltaic panels with monocrystalline cells, plant of photovoltaic panels with polycrystalline cells, solar thermal concentration plant with parabolic troughs and solar thermal concentration plant with parabolic dish coupled to a Stirling engine. SIMAPRO 8.0.3.14 software was used to analyze the inventories. Ecoindicator RECIPE midpoint was used to evaluate the environmental impacts and RETScreen Expert software was used to determine the economic viability of each plant. Results showed that, for the functional unit of 1MWh of electric energy production and within the conditions addressed in this study, the parabolic dish solar concentration plant presented a good environmental and economic profile for the installation in the city of Poços de Caldas, MG. However, this technology still does not have commercial status for large scale installations, being overcome by polycrystalline photovoltaic technology, that presented the best environmental and economic profile, being the best installation option in this study, followed by monocrystalline photovoltaic technology and, finally, the technology of solar parabolic trough concentration, that presented higher emissions in the analyzed environmental categories.
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15
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ZUDIVAN PETERLI
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AVALIAÇÃO ENERGÉTICA E EXPERIMENTAL DA SECAGEM EM BAIXA TEMPERATURA DE LODO SANITÁRIO COM O USO DE ENERGIA HELIOTÉRMICA.
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Advisor : OSVALDO JOSE VENTURINI
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COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
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DIEGO MAURICIO YEPES MAYA
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JOSE CARLOS ESCOBAR PALACIO
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JULIO AUGUSTO MENDES DA SILVA
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OSVALDO JOSE VENTURINI
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Data: Aug 28, 2019
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Show Abstract
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The development of an efficient and low-cost treatment for sanitary sludge meets the 6th UN objective that aims to and provide sanitation for the world population by the year 2030. In view of the above, this study evaluated, by means of a thermodynamic model, the drying of sanitary sludge at low temperature by the method of the granular bed, previously centrifuged, which was integrated into a heliothermic system with thermal storage. Scenario 1 was modeled with the dryer operating for 9h.d-1 and scenario 2 for 24 h.d-1 (continuous operation), and the same amount of sludge per day was processed in each scenario. Experimental assays were also conducted on the mixture of wet and thermally treated sludge to study the influence of the mixture on the drying process. The results showed that, in the conditions studied, the contents of 50 and 90% of total solids are the most suitable for sludge, respectively, in the inlet and outlet of the sludge dryer. While the drying temperature was defined at 80°C, as the tests did not indicate the advantage over any temperature within the range evaluated (60 to 104°C). The drying method of the granular bed, produced a less coarse profile sludge and with drying rates of up to 3.10 times higher than the convective method. The modeling achieved thermodynamic viability for the integration of the heliothermic system when scenarios 1 and 2 presented, respectively, a mirrored area of 3,848 and 3,345m², thermal demand (with global losses of the model) of 3.23 and 2.81GJ.tv -1 and thermal storage of 1,594 and 4,550kWht, demonstrating that the size of the modeled system is employed commercially in several countries and that scenario 2 is the most interesting for indicating a smaller plant. The model still showed that it is possible to produce condensed water naturally to maintain a cycle of cleaning the solar concentrators with periodicity less than 2 days. In view of the above, it is concluded that the integration of the drying with the heliothermic energy is feasible from a technical and energetic standpoint and still presents the benefit of producing water for cleaning or other non-potable purposes, mitigating one of the main impacts environment of this technology and becoming attractive in regions of water stress. It was also demonstrated that the sludge mixing technique can to modify the morphological and rheological characteristics of the material, improving the permeability and drying rate, in addition to reducing the plasticity of the original sludge. Finally, it is proved that the drying method of the granular bed is able to produce an attractive granular, dry, possibly sanitized biosolid, suitable for use in various production processes.
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16
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ISMAEL APARECIDO DA SILVA
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ESTRADAS EM ÁREAS PROTEGIDAS E SEUS IMPACTOS AMBIENTAIS - OCUPAÇÃO DESORDENADA NO ENTORNO DO PARQUE NACIONAL DO ITATIAIA
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Advisor : FRANCISCO ANTONIO DUPAS
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COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
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CARLOS WILMER COSTA
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DANIELE ORNAGHI SANT'ANNA
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FRANCISCO ANTONIO DUPAS
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GRASIELA DE OLIVEIRA RODRIGUES
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Data: Aug 30, 2019
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Show Abstract
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An assessment of the dynamics of land cover and land use in and around a protected area (PA) located in the Serra da Mantiqueira Environmental Preservation Area (APASM) and Itatiaia National Park (PNI) in the Southeast of Brazil. In two contiguous watersheds, with an area of 24,757.65 hectares (ha), we seek proposals that lead to the recovery and maintenance of forests pressured by anthropic actions that have as induction vehicle the roads built around the AP. This PA is inserted in the Mata Atlântica (MA) biome, which is of great importance in the provision of water resources and the maintenance of biodiversity, since it is located among the largest and most populous urban centers in Brazil. The results obtained by Remote Sensing (RS) data, through multitemporal analysis, show that pasture areas grew 43% between 1985 and 2005 and forest areas declined 20% during that same period. Between 2005 and 2017, the pasture area declined by 22% and the forest area expanded by 26%. Urban sprawl grew steadily by almost 120% between 1985 and 2017. Between 2011 and 2017, by hand-screen demarcation using the Google Earth app, 855 scattered homes were found outside urban sprawl where park roads (PR) have been and are being opened. These unpaved roads are mainly concentrated near the paved road in 2011 and within and near the limits of the NIBP. In Geographic Information System (GIS) environment and employing multicriteria analysis with weighted sum to the environmental attributes of roads and urban spots, we also found that 85% of the study area is under high or very high pressure, which it may compromise the maintenance of biodiversity and water resources in the region due to the population increase induced by the back roads and its asphalting, which goes towards the limits of the NIBP. The results obtained may guide the implementation of more specific and effective legal tools, as well as guide the planning action of the local, municipal, state and federal actors involved in the region.
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17
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ROSANA TEIXEIRA MIRANDA
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Análise da gestão de fim de vida de módulos fotovoltaicos, utilizando o estudo de Análise do Ciclo de Vida (ACV) para comparar os impactos de duas estratégias de gestão de fim de vida
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Advisor : REGINA MAMBELI BARROS
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COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
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MARIA LUIZA GRILLO RENO
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MICHELE CRISTINA RUFINO BARBOSA
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REGINA MAMBELI BARROS
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VLADIMIR RAFAEL MELIAN COBAS
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Data: Sep 23, 2019
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Show Abstract
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The use of photovoltaic (PV) systems in the energy generation has been growing worldwide. In Brazil the continuous growth is perceived in the increase of the numbers of consuming units. The useful life of PV modules is estimated between 25 and 30 years. Thus, most of these units will be decommissioned in the near future. Hence, it is important to evaluate the environmental impacts of the PV technologies in order to safely adopt the use of PV energy. The environmental impact of PV modules is an extensively studied topic, generally using the life-cycle analysis (LCA). However, these studies emphasize the production phase and exclude or fail to analyze in detail the phase of decommissioning and disposal of the modules. The use of precious metals and materials classified as hazardous has raised recent interest in highlighting the impacts and the probable environmental benefits related to end-of-life management of the PV modules. This proposed study aims to analyze the environmental performance for crystalline silicon (c-Si) PV modules. The LCA methodology will be applied from three end-of-life management scenarios, using literature data that was adapted to simulate a possible PV waste treatment plant in Brazil. Firstly, scenario 1 considered the recycling of PV module waste. In scenario 2, part of the components is recovered and the remained PV waste goes through a preliminary incineration process before being disposal in landfills. In scenario 3 the unrecovered part is discarded in landfills without any treatment. The life cycle inventories were modeled for the LCA study with the ReCiPe method and the use of SimaPRO software. From environmental performance indicators it was possible to evaluate each scenario and at the end to compare and analyzing the one with the lowest environmental impact. For the impact categories analyzed, the results obtained showed that the scenario 1 achieved lower environmental performance compared to scenarios 2 and 3. The climate changes category, for example, in the recycling scenario was 3.309E+05 kg CO2 eq, while in the incineration scenario was 2.3441E+03 kg CO2 eq and -3.214E+01 kg CO2 eq in the landfill scenario. However, the scenario 1 produced significant environmental benefit in terms of the use of materials that can be used as raw material. Additionally, in a simplified way, the financial aspect of the application of the recycling process was analyzed. For the technology considered in this study, the analysis indicated that recycling is still an unfeasible strategy to be implemented for PV waste end-of-life management, even if considering on an industrial scale process. The costs of the recycling process were almost 3 times higher than the revenues from the probable commercialization of the recovered materials in the process.
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18
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FLAVIO FERREIRA FREITAS
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Métodos de Intensificação da Biodigestão Anaeróbia Visando a Geração de Eletricidade a Partir do Biogás
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Advisor : OSVALDO JOSE VENTURINI
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COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
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DIEGO MAURICIO YEPES MAYA
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ELECTO EDUARDO SILVA LORA
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KARINA RIBEIRO SALOMON
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OSVALDO JOSE VENTURINI
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Data: Oct 9, 2019
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Show Abstract
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Anaerobic digestion is a complex process that depends on varying distances such as average pH, temperature, system agitation, toxicity, substrate type, maximum volumes and valves, organic loading rates and also carbon / nitrogen ratio (C / N). . The latter, in turn, was the central point in the development of the work. This ratio affects how bacteria in different stages of digestion and, depending on the unbalanced concentration of carbon and nitrogen, can affect inhibited energy metabolism in biogas production. Thus, in this licensed work, if you are going to study the coding study of a project with two co-substrates (corn silage and elephant grass) and an additive (charcoal), use the method of obtaining and increasing biogas production. Four possible scenarios are calculated, based on the substrates, co-substrates and additives indicated above, considering the production and sale of electricity through the energy compensation system. From an environmental perspective of Life Cycle Analysis or the result presented in Scenario II, the result of the best results for Global Warming Potential, Acidification, Eutrophication, Human Toxicity and Photochemical Oxidation was presented. Scenario III, in turn, shows the best result in the Ozone Layer depletion impact category and Scenario IV for Abiotic Depletion (Fossil Fuels). From the economic analysis performed, it was found or increased the biogas production and also the economic viability of the project with codigestion, and the scenario II (swine manure and elephant grass silage) was the one that presented higher profitability compared to Net Present Value and Scenario I (Supported Views) Show higher IRR for assumed propositions. Scenario shows an IRR of 21.69% and return on return on invested capital (TRC) of 6.2 years, while Scenario II shows an IRR of 21.14% and TRC of 6.5 years. Scenario III (swine manure and corn silage) and scenario IV (swine manure and charcoal) did not find economic viability. Finally, the Sensitivity Analysis performed in relation to economic viability is calculated on the analyzed parameters, but it has greater sensitivity regarding the variation of the price of electricity.
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19
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NILTON JOSÉ DE CARVALHO
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A EVOLUÇÃO DOS SISTEMAS ENERGÉTICOS NO BRASIL FRENTE AOS OBJETIVOS DE DESENVOLVIMENTO SUSTENTÁVEL ITAJUBÁ 2019
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Advisor : LUIZ AUGUSTO HORTA NOGUEIRA
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COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
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JAMIL HADDAD
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LUIZ AUGUSTO HORTA NOGUEIRA
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PAULO MAGALHÃES FILHO
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Data: Nov 8, 2019
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Show Abstract
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This work presents the Brazilian situation with regards to the objectives proposed by the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), an initiative put forward by United Nations, presenting data on sustainable energy, such as production, access, demand, efficiency and the coverage of energy services among the population. The data employed in this analysis were taken from official government agencies, responsible for develop statistics, plans and targets in the energy sector. This study is justified by the global concern with sustainability perspectives and closely related energy production and use, considering the population growth, depletion of natural resources, food production and atmospheric pollution from the use of fossil fuels. In the 80's sustainability was established as the ability of an individual or a group of individuals has to meet their needs in an environment without causing impacts to this environment, and also to ensure the same conditions for future generations. As a major energy producer, Brazil has a great potential for energy production from natural resources, demanding to know is how much is produced in a sustainable and efficient manner, and also who has access to energy. The current study indicated that Brazil produces and uses energy predominantly from renewable resources, as well as has deployed in the last decades national programs to allow the most of Brazilian population has access to modern energy, Nevertheless, the energy efficiency strategies, in the frame of objectives proposed by the SDG initiative, should be reinforced.
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20
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MAYARA SANTOS TEIXEIRA
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Advisor : VLADIMIR RAFAEL MELIAN COBAS
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COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
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JOSE CARLOS ESCOBAR PALACIO
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JOSÉ ANTONIO DA SILVA
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RUBENILDO VIEIRA ANDRADE
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VLADIMIR RAFAEL MELIAN COBAS
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Data: Nov 29, 2019
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Show Abstract
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This research is a zero-dimensional thermodynamic study of spark ignition engines with the objective of evaluating the performance of the engines through the general performance parameters, such as power, torque and specific consumption of fuel, results of the thermal calculation performed in Matlab's Simulink software using different types of fuels. The thermal calculation is based on the first law of thermodynamics and the lifting of the external speed characteristic curve collaborates for the evaluation of the behavior and the development of engines with high performance, low emission levels of pollutants and fuel consumption. Wiebe's law is implemented to simulate the fraction of burnt mass and consequently the heat rate released by combustion. The results generated are: represented in external characteristics of velocity curves; first compares how the different fuels influence engine performance. Then is compared the results obtained through the implementation of Wiebe's law with the results before its application. Soon after compares the performance of ethanol and gasoline blends varying the compression ratio parameter within the usual ranges for each of the type of fuel in search of a more efficient engine with higher percentage of ethanol. Finally, the calculations are validated by comparing the results of this study with those found in the literature. The methodology of the thermal calculation evaluated has the same tendency found in the literature, however, in numerical values, the maximum pressure of the cycle, the power and the torque are overestimated and the specific consumption underestimated. This is because the hypothesis of instantaneous combustion at constant volume is the main cause of the high values of maximum pressure and effective mean pressure. Another factor that may be relevant to the imprecision of thermal calculation are the various parameters adopted within a range of empirical values.This can be resolved in a future model by creating an experimental test database to understand the performance of these parameters.
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21
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MAXI ESTEFANY HUAMAN CORDOVA
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Effect of Magnetite Powder on Methane Production during anaerobic digestion of Swine Manure
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Advisor : REGINA MAMBELI BARROS
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COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
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ELECTO EDUARDO SILVA LORA
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LEIDIANE MARIANI
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MARIA LUIZA GRILLO RENO
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REGINA MAMBELI BARROS
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Data: Dec 6, 2019
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Show Abstract
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The purpose of the dissertation is to identify the effects of magnetite dust by inserting dosages of 8.0 and 12.0 g.L-1 as an additive in the anaerobic digestion (DA) process of swine manure in batch reactors, ie discontinuous for a 70-day HRT. From this perspective, the experiments were in triplicate under two sequential processes, analyzing the physicochemical characteristics and concentrations of heavy metals (Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu) before and after AD. The CH4 yields, evaluated under normal temperature and pressure conditions, showed that the magnetite powder has a significant impact on methane yields during the swine manure digestion process, obtaining the maximum yield of 3.82. 10-1 Nm3 CH4 / kg SV with the addition of 8 g of magnetite during batch process II, and shows that trace element concentrations for both dosages were consistent with literature data. Estimated real-scale energy potential of the farm under study indicated a daily biogas production of 98.10 m3 / day at a maximum concentration of 59.8% methane, generating an energy potential of 7.33 kW, corresponding to of 32,136.33 kWh / year.
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22
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ALESSANDRA RIBEIRO DE SOUZA
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Advisor : FRANCISCO ANTONIO DUPAS
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COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
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CARLOS WILMER COSTA
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DANIELE ORNAGHI SANT'ANNA
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FRANCISCO ANTONIO DUPAS
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RENATA BOVO PERES
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VANESSA CRISTINE E SOUZA REIS
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Data: Dec 12, 2019
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Show Abstract
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In recent years, Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) have emerged as a form of financing for the conservation of natural resources, compensating landowners that generate positive environmental externalities. For the PES design process, defining priority areas aiming at the environmental recovery and preservation is essential for the efficient allocation of limited financial resources. In this sense, the present work aims to spatially identify priority areas for the implementation of PES schemes, with emphasis on the conservation of water resources, using as case study the Feijão River watershed, São Carlos-SP. For such, with help of geographic information systems (GIS), a multicriteria evaluation was applied for mapping priority areas for forest restoration based on relevant criteria related to landscape aspects for the provision of hydrological services by vegetation. The resulted information plan was then cross-referenced with estimated opportunity costs for compensating landowners in order to identify higher priorities associated with low cost sites. The results show that 25.6% of the eligible areas for forest conversion have very high priority to restoration, and are located mainly along the main river watercourse, with predominance of pasture and sugarcane uses, the main driven forces of erosion processes in the watershed. Among the agricultural activities, livestock presented the lowest opportunity cost, corresponding to a reference value of R$ 223.53/ha/year in PES. 99 rural properties with areas of interest for PES schemes were identified (898.27 ha, 3.7% of the total watershed area), totaling a payment amount of R$ 200.789,80 per year to producers. The PES project proved to be economically viable when the result is compared to the average willingness to pay (WTP) of the population of São Carlos for the protection of water resources. Finally, the use of multicriteria evaluation combined with economic analysis of land use presented as a flexible and straightforward methodological approach, whose results can support further watershed planning and management. Keywords:
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